PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比常规疗法治疗癌症的有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统性评价程序性死亡因子1/程序性死亡因子1配体(PD-1/PD-L1)抑制剂对比常规疗法治疗癌症的有效性和安全性。方法:计算机全面检索PubMed、MEDLINE、EMBASE数据库，收集PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗癌症的文献研究，检索时间为2000年1月1日至2019年6月30日。两位研究人员独立收集和整理资料，评价纳入文献研究的偏倚风险，应用Review Manager 5.3软件对纳入研究进行数据整理。结果:最终纳入11项随机对照试验，共6 295例研究对象，其中PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂试验组3 220例，常规疗法药物对照组3 075例。Meta分析结果显示，PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂试验组的客观反应率（ORR）［RR=1.87，95%CI（1.33，2.64），P＜0.001］、完全缓解率（CR）［RR=2.45，95%CI（1.27，4.73），P＜0.001］和部分缓解率（PR）［RR=1.81，95%CI（1.28，2.54），P＜0.001］优于常规疗法对照组，结果均有统计学差异；在疾病控制率（DCR）［RR=1.03，95%CI（0.89，1.20），P=0.65］和疾病进展率（PD）［RR=1.16，95%CI（0.95，1.40），P=0.14］方面，两组比较无统计学差异；而在疾病稳定率（SD）［RR=0.72，95%CI（0.63，0.82），P＜0.001］方面显示常规疗法对照组优于PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂试验组。药物安全性方面，不良反应发生率（AEs）［RR=0.96，95%CI（0.88，1.04），P=0.28］两组无统计学差异，但在3-5级不良反应发生率［RR=0.44，95%CI（0.28，0.68），P＜0.001］方面，PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂试验组明显低于常规疗法对照组。结论:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂与常规疗法药物相比，可明显提高癌症患者临床治疗的ORR、CR和PR，且出现3-5级不良反应发生率更低，从而证实PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的有效性和安全性优于常规疗法。     

ICRU89号报告的解读——放射物理篇

本篇综述对ICRU89号报告的放射物理相关内容进行了详细解读,希望为从事宫颈癌近距离放射治疗的同仁在放射物理相关方面提供借鉴。     

益母草对子宫的药理作用研究进展

益母草是著名的经产良药,具有"调经"功效,自古以来是治疗妇人"经产带下"之良药。子宫是益母草"调经"功效的重点靶器官。本文通过对益母草对子宫的药理作用研究进行梳理,显示益母草对子宫有双向调节子宫收缩活动、调节子宫肌电、保护子宫内膜和促进子宫内膜复旧、抗子宫内膜炎等多种作用,其作用的发挥与益母草的入药品种与炮制、提取成分和子宫状态密切相关。本文对指导益母草质量提升和临床应用有参考意义。     

益母草属萜类化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

益母草属植物中的化合物类型多样、结构丰富,其中萜类化合物是目前发现数量最多的一类,同时具有广泛的生物活性。因此,作者对益母草属萜类化合物及其药理活性进行总结归纳,为该属萜类化合物的进一步研究提供参考。     

丙戊酸钠通过EGFR下调CD44表达抑制胶质瘤细胞生长

目的:探讨丙戊酸钠通过抑制A172胶质瘤细胞表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor，EGFR）的活化，下调CD44表达，进而调节细胞生长的机制。方法:实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测A172胶质瘤细胞中CD44以及siRNA下调CD44表达的情况，MTT检测CD44和丙戊酸钠对细胞生长的影响，Western blot检测丙戊酸钠对细胞中p-EGFR、EGFR和CD44表达影响。结果:丙戊酸钠抑制A172胶质瘤细胞生长，并具有浓度依赖性。A172胶质瘤细胞表达CD44，siRNA下调CD44表达后，细胞生长较正常组显著减缓。活化EGFR促进A172胶质瘤CD44蛋白表达，而EGFR的抑制剂Lapatinib可显著抑制上述效应。丙戊酸钠抑制EGFR磷酸化，下调CD44蛋白表达。结论:丙戊酸钠抑制A172胶质瘤细胞的生长。抑制A172胶质瘤细胞中EGFR的活化，下调CD44的表达，是丙戊酸钠抑制胶质瘤细胞生长的其中一个机制。     

The Empathy Tank as a revised model for fostering empathy in medical education

Empathy has been difficult to sustain and foster in medical training. Based on empirical evidence and intuitive human experience, this paper proposes that empathy can be re-conceptualized as a dynamic reservoir, referred to as an “empathy tank.” Physicians and learners who have personally experienced or received much empathy will naturally have a stronger tendency and greater capacity for empathy than others who have experienced little. These instances of empathy that fill the “empathy tank” can take the form of personal experiences, re-experiencing memories, and vicarious experiences. As this reservoir is filled, the empathy therein can more readily be poured out to others. Thus, all trainees should be educated to recognize first and foremost their personal need for empathy that they share with patients and subsequently seek encounters that highlight these empathic experiences. Three practical implications for educational interventions are discussed: (1) Learners and preceptors should recognize instances in training of perceived inadequacy as opportunities to provide empathy, (2) Interventions should target foundational rather than secondary issues in empathy, and (3) Interventions should enable empathy in learners to be self-sustaining.     

More Frequent Nutrition Counseling Limits Weight Loss and Improves Energy Intake During Oncology Management: A Longitudinal Inpatient Study in Taiwan

Introduction: Malnutrition increases the risk of cancer treatment-related complications. Nutritional intervention is beneficial for the outcomes of outpatients with cancer. This study investigated the impacts of nutrition consultation and care on energy intake and weight change in inpatients receiving cancer treatment.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study, enrolling 3221 inpatients with head and neck, lung, hepatobiliary, upper gastrointestinal, colorectal, breast, or gynecological cancer who received at least two nutrition consultations between April 2010 and July 2015. In every consultation, a dietitian calculated the total energy requirement and the actual energy intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall.

Results: Patients with head and neck cancer lost the most weight (1.16?kg/mo). For every consultation, a 0.03-kg weight gain per month was observed (P?=?0.001). The average energy consumption percentage (% estimated energy requirement) at the third consultation was 87.0%. After controlling for potential covariates, the energy consumption percentages at the third, fourth, fifth–seventh, eighth, and subsequent consultations were significantly higher than those at the first consultation (P?<?0.05).

Conclusion: For oncology inpatients, routine screening and at least three active nutrition consultations with dietitians effectively improved energy intake and preserved body weight.     

猪小肠黏膜下层脱细胞修复补片修复手部软组织缺损的效果分析

目的 对比应用新型再生可降解生物材料猪小肠黏膜下层脱细胞修复补片(SIS)与植皮术在修复手部软组织缺损的治疗效果.方法 2017年12月至2018年12月,共收治手部软组织缺损36例,根据缺损面积与治疗方法分为两组:补片组21例,软组织缺损面积2.0 cm×1.5 cm^9.0 cm×3.5 cm,平均5.3 cm×2.1 cm,采用SIS治疗;植皮组15例,软组织缺损面积9.0 cm×4.0 cm^16.0 cm×9.0 cm,平均12.0 cm×8.5 cm,采用中厚皮片植皮治疗.观察两组治疗方法促进软组织缺损愈合的效果,记录术后14 d、21 d、28 d、3个月创面区愈合情况,并随访评估创面区愈合后的外观、色泽、弹性、感觉恢复与部分肌腱外露的治疗效果.结果 本组36例均获随访,随访时间3~10个月,平均5个月.两组创面均完全愈合,外观、色泽接近,皮肤弹性及感觉均恢复良好.补片组感觉恢复优14例(66.6%),良5例(23.8%),差2例(9.6%);植皮组感觉恢复优9例(60.0%),良4例(26.0%),差2例(14.0%).创面愈合效果补片组优14例,良5例,差2例;植皮组愈合优9例,良4例,差2例.结论 SIS能快速、有效的刺激机体再生出表皮组织,并且新生的表皮经过生长与周围皮肤颜色无明显差异,无明显瘢痕增生,是一种手部小面积浅表软组织缺损的理想修复材料.